Nev Pask ?

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in order to visit thishousewillexist.org

Sorry for my poor english translation.



Private property is the right of ownership is a concept in common law today. This is the property that belongs to an individual or several individuals, or a company.

Examples of private property

The principal residence of a family
The car of a particular
The shares of stock an investor
The land of a farmer
The terrain of the state when it is shared under a form of property (ownership and superficies) becomes a private property during the terms of an agreement (eg lease) between the owners.

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Industrial property is one of the two branches of intellectual property.

In France, it is subdivided in trademark law and patent law. The texts regulating this area of ??law are found primarily in the Code of intellectual property. Designs, the hybrid nature, enjoy a combination of protection between industrial property and copyright of literary and artistic.

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Public property is owned by the state or similar feature, as opposed to private property of individuals, communities, individuals and businesses.

Several public properties are freely accessible to the public. It may include libraries, parks, forests, roads, museums, etc. on certain dates.

In ancient Rome, one could distinguish between Ager publicus (territory belonging to the Roman people, common property), and the Ager Romanus (territory belonging to Rome).

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Social ownership is a type of property that the socialists opposed to private property. While the latter would be assigned to security of person, social property that belongs to an entire community and not an individual would serve to ensure the safety of members of the community.

Social ownership is based on the ability of a community (eg a state) to give laws, to tax people or force them to provide certain assurances in order to give individuals rights ( therefore properties) that will protect them against the insecurity of life: The right to employment, health protection, physical security, etc. ...

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Cantonment basic function of the state Republican
Liberalism, and State Republican state functions

The establishment of the republic in the nineteenth century, took place in a context of opposition to the holistic values ??advocated by royalty or the imperialism of its thinkers during the Enlightenment, to those who will take charge of its implementation effective operation, the Republic is responsible for the intransigence of the liberal doctrine. Extreme care is made not to interfere with the natural rights of the individual, whose freedom and the right to property.
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The omnipotence and omnipresence of the state of the ancien regime is taken as an absolute model-cons: it, not to overflow and encroach on the individual, must remain confined to its most basic prerogatives. Among liberals, very present politically, it attaches great importance to ensure that the encroachments of the state outside its regulatory functions are rare and limited, out of policing, justice and defense of territory, any proposed legislation is severely contested. Private initiative must remain unfettered, allowing the sovereign individual to dispose of his property as he wishes.
Private property in the center of opposition to the holistic societies

The Old Regime and the holistic societies in general, consider society as a whole, where the group, the community and the social body as a whole take precedence over its individual features. Caught in a system of relationships, the individual can not exist positively as it is always subordinate to the whole. The only means of existence and characterization as an individual is located in the upper echelons of power, the sanctification of the personality and its ritualization, place some men at hand and gives them a margin of personal characterization.

In direct contrast, the Republic seeks to strengthen the individual positioning, including the right to private property. By directly linking the man to land and natural resources, the individual is guaranteed his freedom from hierarchical supervision. It describes the modern individual as Castel, "regardless of their feelings is the one who basically does not depend on its corporate existence, reporting relationships that exist in a society in statutes because it is by its acts of ownership. There is thus simultaneity between the discovery of the independence of man in relation to guardianship and the traditional affirmation of his ability as working in the world. That's what Dumont expresses speaking the supremacy that characterizes modern man's "relationship with things" on "compared to men." (Private property, social property, self-ownership, p. 48-49)
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The failure of the widespread private ownership

This will be one of the first republics remaining objectives: the desire to include the whole population in a policy of home ownership, even without a solution to keep the condition of those to whom this form of Emancipation is denied. As part of the industrial revolution, the number of workers and employees is increasing continuously, but the low income does not mean the latter to become homeowners.

Thus, an important part of society is deprived of the independence granted by private property, and is placed in a perpetual state of emergency that keeps it in a state of impoverishment important. If the owner or the owner can face with equanimity to the vagaries of life, can be deployed - in the words of Castel - "strategies" to influence the world and maximize its own interests, the employee must deal with him need immediate and perpetual sustenance. He never manages to free his margin of freedom, which is a basic right for him, but he never applied in practice. It must "pay with his person" when no other resources, the only thing we can give in return is that you must retrieve his body. " (Robert Castel, Private property, social property, self-ownership, p. 67)
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The limits of an ideology based on private ownership

We see, therefore, private property has not succeeded in establishing itself as a factor of universal emancipation of the citizens of the Republic. One can find a cause in a main element, the inability to consider paid work as a factor independence; it transfers the benefits accruing to the operator or manufacturer. Thus, "the owner also owns the work of his servant. It is the principle of separation of ownership and labor that will have huge social consequences with the development of wage labor and that will lead to new forms of subordination hierarchy based on the exploitation of labor "(Robert Castel, Private property, social property, self-ownership, p. 55). The spectrum of old hierarchies and reappears crystallizes in an unequal relationship between owners and non homeowners.

The ideology of liberalism and will reveal its duality introduced to enable the individual to make free from coercion of a system, it will rely on values ??that the application includes replacing a portion of population in a state of subordination that is comparable to feudalism. Caught between the conservative and liberal ideologies, the working class, particularly affected, will have to invent their own alternatives.

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The temptation collectivist

The reaction is felt working in 1848 with the introduction of right to work, which is intended as a counterpart of ownership for the haves and the establishment of national workshops. But the financial burden of these workshops will push property owners, citizens as peasants, to close them a few months later, on behalf of non-state intervention in economic matters. In fact, the risk that the introduction of right to work leads to a profound questioning of the system is real. As noted by Karl Marx in the Class Struggle, "Behind the right to work, there is the power of capital, the power behind the capital, ownership of productive assets, their subordination to the working class partner, c that is to say, the abolition of wage labor, capital and their mutual relations. "

This episode however has had the merit of revealing the issue of cleavage between the propertied classes and employees and will be the start of a deep reflection on the special status of the workforce, and the consequences of generalization to society. To prevent its disintegration and counteract the threats of anomie, the liberal Republic will have to invent or find, the conditions that allow employees to "continue to" make society "with their peers, to be complete individuals. " (Robert Castel, Private property, social property, self-ownership, p. 84).

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