John Zupp ?

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Currently, the fuels used to power internal combustion engines in automobiles are some petroleum products and natural gas, such as gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gases (butane and propane), natural gas or compressed natural gas vehicle. Outside the field of cars using alternative fuels to drive vehicles of other means of transportation such as ships or fuel oil in some kerosene in gas turbines for air transport.

In some countries also use biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel. The major producers of bioethanol are Brazil and the United States, followed distantly by the European Union, China and Canada, 8 generally from the fermentation of sugar in agricultural products like corn, sugar cane, sugar beet or cereals such as wheat or barley. Biodiesel is produced mainly by the European Union and the United States, 9 mostly from the esterification and transesterification of oilseed oils, used or unused, such as sunflower, palm and soya.

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There is debate about the viability of these fuels and energy questioning the effect they have to compete with the availability of land for growing alimentos.10 11 However, both the impact on the environment and the effect on the price and availability food depends on the type of input used to produce the biocombustible.12 13 14 15 In the case of bioethanol when produced from corn is considered that the impacts are significant and their energy is lower, while production Brazilian ethanol from sugar cane is considered sostenible.12 13 16 14 17
See also: Gasohol and Flexible Fuel Vehicle

electric and hybrid drive

Recently it has begun mass production of electric motor cars. While the autonomy of these vehicles is still limited due to low electrical charge stored in batteries per unit mass in the future this capability could be increased. The level of contamination depends on how you used to generate electricity and primary energy sources used.

It has also begun marketing hybrid cars, which have an engine and an electric motor. The latter works when the car runs at low speed in some other engine models with the heat off. The batteries are recharged by the energy released by an electrical generator driven by the engine or to stop the car with regenerative braking.
Propulsion systems
Operating diagram of a fuel cell.

Another form of energy for cars is hydrogen, which is not a primary energy source but an energy carrier, it is necessary for obtaining energy consumption. The combination of hydrogen with oxygen leaves as the only waste steam. There are two methods to take advantage of hydrogen, one by an internal combustion engine and another with fuel cells, a technology currently face and in the process of development. Hydrogen is usually obtained from hydrocarbons by steam reforming process. Could be obtained by electrolysis of water, but not usually done because it is a process that consumes lots of energy.

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Technical data contained in a car commercial catalogs

Retail outlets that sell new cars provide buyers with an interest in its vehicles sales catalogs where data for each model are as follows: 18

Engine:

Engine Type:
Internal combustion engine
Motor electric motor available
Rotary engine (in the Mazda RX-7 and Mazda RX-8)
Displacement, bore cylinder per stroke by number of cylinders.
Compression ratio
Maximum power. KW and CV, including engine speed (rpm) to which that power is achieved.
Torque. In Nm, indicating the engine speed when you reach the pair.
Type of fuel system, indicating whether carburetor or injection directly or indirectly.
Type of air supply system, turbocharged or atmospheric.
Fuel used
Alternator
Capacity battery. Usually stated in Ampere-hours (Ah)
Fuel tank capacity (l)

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Features

Maximum speed (km / h)
Acceleration time from 0 to 100 km / h (s)
Acceleration time of two speeds in a specific place (s)
Acceleration time to travel 1000 m from the start to move (s)

Consumption: urban cycle, extra-urban cycle, weighted. Usually indicated in l/100km in Europe and in miles per gallon (mpg) in the United States.

CO2 emissions in the urban cycle, the extra urban cycle and weighed. It is expressed in g / km.

Transmission: Gearbox type, number of gears, gear ratios, speed of movement to a certain engine speed in each gear.

Brakes: type (disc brake, brake drum, Antiblockiersystem), dimensions

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Wheels: rims and tires dimensions

Other: A type of front and rear suspension, steering rate, minimum turning radius.

Body

Body type
Gauge length, width and height
Wheelbase (distance between axles) and front and rear tracks
Luggage capacity

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Mass: tara, mass maximum permissible maximum towable mass (with brake and no brake on the trailer).

Pollution
Main article: Climate Change

In Europe it is spreading among consumers tend to buy cars that generate less pollution, a major current problems in the world and closely related to climate change. Some brands, like Honda or Toyota, is already moving toward the electrification of transport in hybrid vehicles (gasoline engine and electric).

In Spain, the energy label and are also available for cars. Vehicles classified as A and B emit CO2 levels below the threshold of 120 g / km, vehicles classified as G, however, emit more than doble.19

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The company JATO Dynamics (en), born in 1984 in over 40 countries which are evaluated by averaging the marks that produce cleaner vehicles. FIAT research ranked first with 133.7 g / km (grams of CO2 per kilometer). Peugeot followed with 138.1 g / km, Citroen with 142.4 g / km, Renault with 142.7 g / km, Toyota with 144.9 g / km Ford closes the list with 147.8 g / km. 20

Today the European emission standard does not limit CO2 emissions in cars, but does indicate the CO2 emitted by cars on the energy label and the entry into force of Euro V on 1 September 2009 After an adjustment period ending in 2012, will reduce the average levels of CO2 for each brand to 130 g / km. It should be noted that emissions of CO2 (g / km) of a heat engine is proportional to fuel consumption (l / km), considering that perform a complete combustion, the aspect ratio being different for each fuel, depending on its concentration carbon.
See also: European regulations on emissions, nitrogen oxides and aerosol
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Renovation

Because newer cars are safer and cleaner, many countries offer tax incentives for owners to dispose of their old models and buy newer ones.

For example, in Spain there REVIVE plan that encourages the modernization of the fleet of motor vehicles to increase vehicle safety and environmental protection. This program applies to new passenger capacity of less than 1.5 liters. Other programs are the Comprehensive Plan consists of the Automotive Competitiveness Plan, worth 800 million euros, the Plan VIVE II and the commitment to the hybrid electric vehicle, with the aim that in 2014 Spanish carts running on a million electric cars. To this end, proposes to launch a pilot program called Project Novelle, consisting of the introduction in 2009 and 2010, and within urban environments, 2,000 electric vehicles to replace gasoline cars gasóleo.21

Also in Latin America, Ecuador's government is promoting a project to renew the fleet, to be optional for taxis and buses over 5 years old, while it is compulsory for vehicles about 30 years old. It offers a bonus paid in part by the automaker and partly by the government, while the older the vehicle the higher the bonus.

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