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Geraldine O'Flaherty - wife of Nigel Geraldine O'Flaherty is spouse of  Nigel  


Sorry for my poor english translation.


Geraldine is wife of Nigel O'Flaherty serves as Chairman of the Board of O'flaherty Holdings Ltd. and TIME Manufacturing Co. . Director of Motor Distributors Ltd.


At the end of the 19th Century competed the different types of drives for automobiles is still very much together before the reciprocating engine could prevail. This is shown as the production figures of the American automobile manufacturing in the year 1900. There were made a total of 4192 cars of 75 manufacturers, including 1688 steam cars, electric vehicles 1575 and 929 vehicles with petrol engines.

The gasoline automobile required until the 1920s, to assert themselves against other types of drives, such as the petroleum engine and the motor spirit. Others reasons were technical advances in engine and cheaper fuel from oil with a much higher energy density than electric storage and is justified here, is still valid advantages: a wide range and high speed possible.

The principle of the first car has been preserved to this day. With the general acceptance and distribution of automobiles in the 20th Century were added to many technical innovations.

Most vehicles produced in Germany at that time were based on the basic design of the Mercedes-Simplex (1906). They had a front-mounted engine, transmission and drive shafts to the driven wheels. The term Simplex goes back to Kaiser Wilhelm II, who in 1906 could be explained on a motor show in Berlin to boot of the Mercedes and compared to the laborious mounting a horse in a carriage, only about ten minutes of starting procedure called simplex.

Gräf & Stift 1900, was in Vienna patents developed by its 1898 front-wheel drive and built two prototypes. A year later, Frederick W. Lanchester patented the disc brake, the first production car with disc brakes was in 1955, the Citroën DS. In 1903, the Spyker 60/80 HP built the first sports car with four-wheel drive. The same year, Mary Anderson, the first patent for a windshield wiper granted.

From 1904 to 1928 in the Thuringian town of Apolda means of a car company that makes "Apollo" and the racing car "Piccolo" in which they were exported to the USA.

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1913 began by the assembly-line production of the vehicles Ford's mass production of affordable automobiles. Next year, the first hydraulic brake system came on the market. Chassis and body are made of 1918 steel. Five years later the first truck to be manufactured with a diesel engine.

In 1924 Germany began in the assembly-line production of cars with the Opel tree frog. 1926 merged the company Benz & Co. and Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft to form Daimler-Benz AG. Five years later in 1931 with the DKW F1 of the front-wheel drive introduced in the series.

The rotary engine was developed 1933rd Seven years later introduced the automatic transmission. The radial tires (radial tires) comes in 1948 on the market. The following year the first German Motor Show was held in Berlin after the war in the halls instead of at the radio tower. The first gasoline direct-injection system in a passenger car was used in 1951 (Gutbrod Superior / Goliath GP 700 Sport). Chrysler offered the company the same year in a car with power steering.

Since 1957, lap belts could be installed as optional equipment on request. Six years later, in 1963, built a car with a Wankel engine (rotary engine). In 1967 came the development of an electronic fuel injection system. On 1 August 1970 headed an American astronaut on a moon car, the surface of the moon. The first mass-produced in road vehicle with all-wheel drive, the Subaru Leone Station Wagon AWD was introduced 1972nd From 1974, General Motors developed auto catalysts for gasoline engines, introduced in the 1978 Mercedes S-Class is the first fully electronic anti-lock braking system (ABS) on the market.
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The first cars with airbags have been built since 1980, four years later, natural gas vehicles were first produced in series. Catalysts for diesel engines were developed in 1990, 1995 followed by the introduction of the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), which took place after the elk test debacle of the Mercedes A-Class in 1997, by and by the way of luxury in the mass production of cheaper classes. Also in 1997, vehicles were hybrid (electric and internal combustion engine) in series. Pioneer here was Toyota with its Prius models.
In the 21 Century
Toyota Prius hybrid, 2004

Several trends can be observed at present. Thus, for example, the integration of information electronics pursued more vigorously (navigation systems, entertainment for passengers, etc.). Main topic is the further reduction in consumption or an alternative drive. The technical advances in engine technology and lightweight construction, however, partly offset by additional comfort and security equipment, as well as more engines of the vehicles made up for. Nevertheless, decreases in the fleet consumption to decline. 2003 Fuel consumption in Germany to 7.35 l/100 km was calculated. Reason is mainly the large proportion of newly registered diesel vehicles. This also meant that the overall consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel in Germany declined since 1999.

The key innovation areas of automotive engineering concern the areas of driver assistance systems, and the drive Steer-by-Wire/Brake-by-Wire by fuel cell / electric motor / hybrid.

Other areas of development are the pedestrian protection, the use of recyclable raw materials and driving without driver systems. General Motors plans first unmanned test cars in 2015 and in volume production from 2018

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According to WHO figures 1.2 million people die every year as a direct result of traffic accidents. All measures to increase road safety, together contributed to the number of persons killed in a traffic accident persons (2009: 4,152 [8], 1971: 21,000) moves in Germany to the lowest level since the introduction of statistics in 1953.

The safety of passengers and accident potential opponents of motor vehicles is affected by organizational and structural measures as well as the personal behavior of road users.

Among the organizational measures such as traffic management (road traffic regulations with traffic signs or something more modern by signs), statutory regulations (seat belts, Telefonierverbot), traffic control and road construction activities.

The structural safety features of modern cars can be divided basically into two different areas. Passive safety devices are when an accident is unavoidable, mitigate the consequences. These include the seat belt, safety head restraint, the belt tensioner, the air bag, the roll bar, deformable steering wheel with quick release steering columns, the crumple zone, side impact protection and design measures to protect party in the accident. Active safety features to prevent accidents or reduce its severity. Examples are the ABS anti-lock braking system and the electronic stability program ESP.

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The measures include personal behaviors such as defensive driving, proper observance of traffic rules or training of vehicle control, such as a driver safety course. These and road safety education for children to help reduce the personal risk of accidents.

After prolonged voluntary action to drive with their lights on the day in Austria on 15 November 2005 introduced compulsory and 2007 calls via penalty. On 1 January 2008, the light duty, however, abolished [9]. The aim of this campaign was to focus the human sensory impressions on the hazards and thus reduce the number of fatalities. According to estimates by the Federal Ministry annually 15 deaths were less expected. Though there has not the expected effect, as increased attention from unlit hazards (obstacles and other road users as pedestrians) was driven away to the moving and illuminated vehicles. In Norway in the years well after the introduction of light duty in 1985 counted more deaths than in previous years [10]. Nevertheless, in some countries (eg Germany) pulled continue to introduce such a measure considered.

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Mobility
Changes in the number of passenger cars in Germany since 1975
Changes in the number of passenger cars in Switzerland since 1910

The importance of the automobile based on the mobility and flexibility that enables its users. Until the 19th Century there were few means of transportation, for example, the carriage or the horse. The spread of the railways increased while the cruising speed, but it was tied to specific timetables and stops. Only the automobile allowed for a universal, individual, motorized transport, as well as the flexible rapid transport of goods. Overall, at 1 Januar 2004 49.648.043 cars registered in Germany.

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Compared with pedestrians and bicycles, but also coaches and trains the car has a larger footprint. In rural areas this is usually straightforward in urban areas, this causes problems of congestion, the need for public land. The space and parking problems of the metropolitan areas was already in the 1920s. Chief Engineer Engelbert Zaschka pursued in Berlin in 1929 the approach of the folding-Zaschka Threewheelers. This city-car concept was aimed to be cost effective and space saving by the vehicle could be folded after use.

Freight transport by road is a vital part of today's economy. It allows the flexibility of commercial vehicles to bring perishable goods directly to retailers or consumers. Mobile Construction are taking on much of the construction work. Just-in-time manufacturing allows for faster construction process. Concrete is mixed in concrete plants and then brought to the site with concrete mixers, mobile concrete pump spare the scaffolding or crane.
Environment and Health
In 2009 there were in Germany under certain conditions, a state premium of 2,500 euros for the purchase of a new vehicle in connection with the scrapping of an old car. Whether these "environmental bonus" but was really a benefit to the environment is controversial.

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The air pollution from the exhaust gases of combustion engines will, especially in urban areas, some unhealthy proportions (smog, particulates). The fuels of the motors include toxic substances such as xylene, toluene, benzene, and aldehydes. Even more toxic lead additives are at least in Europe and the United States no longer common.

Also the most street noise from cars caused damage to health. In addition, the driving, especially over longer time it can be partly linked to lack of exercise.

The consumption of petroleum, a fossil fuel to operate conventional automobiles generates a CO2 emissions annually by millions of tons and carries with so much to the greenhouse effect. The occurrence of fossil fuels, particularly oil, are limited. The distribution of resources and consumers leading to political conflicts, including military conflict. Therefore, there are different ideas on alternative vehicle propulsion, always bring the discussion to the actual environmental performance, the financial and Massentrauglichkeit with it.

In the short term, the energy consumption of a car shall be reduced by finding ways to be avoided and care is taken to an energy saving driving style.

According to plans of the EU Commission should be banned entirely by the internal combustion engine drive from the inner cities of Europe to the 2050 cars. [16]

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The enormous consumption of vehicles and roads destroyed the habitat for humans, animals and plants.

The production of the car also consumes significant amounts of raw materials, water and energy. Greenpeace is a consumption of 20,000 liters for a midsize car from [17]. The magazine Der Spiegel calculated to produce a car in the upper middle class (such as: Mercedes E-class) 226 000 liters of water at all [18]. The water industry sees positive 380 000 l for a vehicle as necessary.

The automotive industry is therefore working on alternative concepts that should not gained only through political or economic constraints in popularity.

An overview of the environmental performance of current car models published by the Traffic Club Germany (VCD) each year in the auto environment list.

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One of the dangers of motor traffic or road accident see the security chapter.
Interest groups

In Germany, a number of associations have emerged, the first organized services for motorists on reciprocity, breakdown in particular. Today they are increasingly working as a lobby-groups and represent the interests of motorists in politics, industry and media.

In 1899 the Automobile Club of Germany (AvD) was established a year later organized the first International Motor Show. 1911 was the German Automobile Club, the ADAC, emerged from the 1903 founded German Motorcyclists Association. He is today the largest with 15 million members, Club Europe. Other associations in Germany, the Auto Club Europa (ACE), founded in 1965 by trade unions, and, since 1986, the ecologically oriented Transport Club Germany (VCD). The interests of car manufacturers and their suppliers representing the Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA).


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