Blanche Saldanha ?

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Pharmacy is now known as a place that sold to the pharmaceutical and medical products, tested and - are produced - a small part. It is also a major task of the pharmacist and other pharmacy staff to advise the patient to tell him about side effects and to detect possible interactions with other drugs. In addition to selling the delivery of drugs and pharmacies' usual pharmacy products "such as food supplements, cosmetics and other products with health cover.

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Word origins

The word "pharmacy" is derived from Greek ?ποθ?κη, which literally means "storage" for stocks in general. But especially it called usually the top of the home wine storage location, where the wine was kept in jars. [1] In monasteries (Latin for "apotheca") hereby submit to the space for storage of medicinal herbs has been described.
Legal mandate

Legal mandate of Pharmacy is to ensure the proper supply of medicines to the population. This is regulated by the Pharmacy Act and the pharmacy operation rules.

A special case is the veterinary medicine cabinet. This is a delivery point.

Compliance with the legal requirements in Germany übewacht of the states. In North Rhine-Westphalia are employed full-time pharmacists in the official circles and kreisfreinen cities responsible for monitoring [2].
Sale of drugs

Only pharmacies are allowed to sell drugs because they are a special kind of goods and often require explanation and advice in a particular degree. The sale must be made by pharmacy staff. With a mail order pharmacy license may sell drugs by mail order across national borders.

Regulations governing the selling prices of medicines are found in the drug price regulation.
Head of Pharmacy

Pharmacies may be performed only by a registered pharmacist. For four weeks per year, can take place eg due to illness or vacation of a pharmacist, a representative by a pharmacist or pharmacy assistant engineer; prolonged absence is the representation prescribed by a pharmacist.
Staff

For pharmaceutical personnel include pharmacists, pharmacy assistants, pharmacy and pharmaceutical technicians and engineers (PTA). The latter sell under the supervision of a pharmacist. For further staff include clerks Pharmaceutical (PCA) (formerly pharmacy assistants) and pharmaceutical ornamental interns who have completed their practical year in the pharmacy.

For which financial statements from the GDR are appropriate arrangements. Here are the pharmacies, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy assistants to the assistants pharmaceutical-technical assistants equal. In about 21,500 German pharmacies work in 2008 around 144,000 people.

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History

In the 8th and 9 Century there were in the Arab world - in Baghdad and Damascus - drug and spice traders who could be called together with the healers of Western monks monasteries as a precursor of pharmacists [3].

Around 1241 by Emperor Friedrich II, the "Edict of Salerno" (also called "Constitutions" or medical code) was adopted: the first legally fixed separation of the professions of doctor and pharmacist. Doctors could not own pharmacy or be involved. Drug prices were fixed by law to prevent price gouging. The Edict of Salerno was a model of pharmacy legislation in Europe.

After the enactment of the medical code developed urban pharmacy orders, which stipulate, was that pharmacies may be founded only on the sale of drugs.

During the 14th Century are changing the pharmacist from hawkers to wealthy patricians, who not only sells herbs, spices and drugs but also drugs in the dispensary itself (from the Latin officina) produces. From this period dates the oldest pharmacy in Europe still in existence: a deed of 1241 with the seal of the city of Trier (Archives in Koblenz) documents the donation of a pharmacy, the pharmacy is a lion on Main Market Trier today. Since the year 1317 is located in the Franciscan Monastery of Dubrovnik is one of the oldest pharmacy in Europe. Also, the Tallinn Town Hall Pharmacy is sometimes one of the oldest pharmacies in Europe, which is still in operation today. Later shifted to the production of drugs from the dispensary in the recipe, but still be (among experts) of retail space, the working spaces of a pharmacy or (obsolete), the pharmacy calls himself officina.

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As the profitability of pharmacies also strongly dependent on the time of plagues and epidemics, there was in some supply problems that occurred when no such a long time. To prevent this, were in the 15th Century, for example built in Lower Austria by the Estates-called landscape pharmacies.

In the 17th and 18 Century German chemists developed the drug from the site of production due to the chemical knowledge and a place of drug discovery. Especially in Berlin, Thuringia and Saxony focused pharmaceutical and chemical research and teaching in Germany.

By the achievements of the pharmaceutical industry began at the end of the 19th and early 20 Century, a transformation of the German pharmacy. Rather than make drugs themselves, the pharmacy became increasingly occupied with the examination of identity and quality of medicines and advice relating to medicines.

In 1958, after a decision by the Federal Constitutional Court (see pharmacies rating) introduced the freedom of establishment, so since each pharmacist may open a pharmacy at the location of their choice regardless of demand. Because of the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation, which established previously uniform drug prices for all of Germany, was the competition not on price, but partly through the granting of so-called allowances, but especially the expertise of the pharmaceutical consulting, delivery, service, friendliness, or special benefits (drug-delivery service for customers who can not even come into the pharmacy, increased competence in specific product ranges, etc.). For some time the drug price regulation is relaxed, it is feared that this competition is taking place increasingly on price and charged to the pharmaceutical quality, as professional advice is labor-and time-consuming and also to provide a highly qualified professionals is, in turn, to higher Operating costs will be a mere sale.

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In the Soviet zone of occupation available to the German Economic Commission (DWK), 22 June 1949, the expropriation of pharmacies and so were all the rights declared extinct. Owners, who themselves were pharmacists, but the right to operate as a "privately owned pharmacy" to continue, if the operating taxes have been paid. Leased by the owners or heirs to pharmacies 'country' businesses, the owners have received compensation as a share of the proceeds of the "operational duties". It was not until 1954, exact amounts of compensation determined and were 30 to 50% of the average annual turnover, less any amounts receivable to the pharmacies. The payout was a planned economy after five years. Newly established pharmacies in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were basically 'country' businesses, which have been leased or operated as a clinic pharmacies. The number of "privately owned pharmacies" in 1956 amounted to approximately 298 of 1533 pharmacies (= 19.4%) and the number decreased steadily until it just "state pharmacies" or pharmacies were at polyclinics. Due to the poor economic opportunities, many fully trained pharmacists emigrated in 1951 from the West, so that the national leadership was forced to the Soviet model called pharmacy engineers as the average medical personnel with training in vocational schools, such as the former pharmacy school in Leipzig to adopt.

In the 21 Century has changed in many places the pharmacy into a profitable and modern companies. In Germany, supplying around 21,500 [4] pharmacies, of which approximately 2,000 daily [5] in the night and emergency service, with 365 days a year, the population of drugs.

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For centuries, was on pictorial representations of the pharmacists indicated by the hand of balance. The need for a uniform logo pharmacies, however, came in 20th Century. First, often the white cross on a red background was used, but this was because of the similarity with the Swiss national emblem legally problematic, this symbol was also no more ambiguous than the occasional mortar used, because even the drugstores used both symbols. To demarcate a clear, unified Germany's logo was needed. 1929/30 won in a contest the company's inspired by the Bauhaus Verunda-school "three-bucket-bottle" icon. After five years, it was nevertheless used by around one third of all pharmacies, but it remained controversial because of its "shockingly modern" style. A renewed competition in 1936 was produced under the auspices of the office since 1933 "kingdom pharmacy leader," Albert Schmierer from the red A, but the original draft provided white cross was because of the similarity rejected the Swiss cross and replaced by "modern" life rune. The new pharmacy-A was introduced nationwide in 1937. This sign was quickly reached a very high degree, after the war, however, the use of runes was no longer allowed, so that in turn was a redesign of the famous mark necessary. Since 1951 is used in West Germany, the draft of Fritz Rupprecht Mathieu Äskulapschlange and medicine cup [6] The Pharmacy A--. Pursuant to mark rules, a red "big gothic A on a white background with marked in white finish medicine cup with a snake" - is the German Patent Office as the official symbol of the German Association of Pharmacists' Association (DAV) is entered and may be used only in that form and in strict compliance with the sign statute. The only remaining alleged three-spoon symbol is shown at the German Pharmacy Museum in Heidelberg Castle, [7].

The pharmacy-A is only known in Germany, less common here is the international symbol, the Green Cross. In places with an international audience of this traffic is sometimes used in addition to pharmacy-A.

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Legal regulations

Today the pharmacy is both an institution and companies more than ever, with numerous legal regulations such as the Medicines Act, the pharmacy operation rules and the Social Security Code (Germany) subject. This squeezes them into a tight corset that leaves little flexibility for modern corporate management in terms of price, communication and product policy. Main focus of the pharmacies should be the self-understanding of the independent pharmacist counseling of patients, respectively customers. Often, however, advised the legislative changes induced by continuous political pressure to increase sales and the desire to do the best for the customer, are in conflict. The call to free competition among pharmacies with a legitimate cheaper drugs from a pharmacist to see a lot of hand associated with the risk of poor advice and a consumption of more harmful drugs to patients with other life-threatening risks.

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In order to address conflicts of interest, was formerly the relative prices (ie a percentage markup on the purchase price) of prescription drugs to the first January 2004 at a fixed premium (ie the purchase price is a fixed amount is set up, regardless of the purchase price) changed. In order for the pharmacy to earn as much as expensive means of cheap and therefore has no economic interest to make medicines more expensive preferred. On the other hand, the legislature did with the aim of intensifying competition and the prohibition on the shipping price-fixing and non-prescription, pharmacy medicines (so-called "OTC-drugs") are loosened and the so-called multi-ownership ban. Since then, pharmacists are allowed to possess up to three branch pharmacies and send in appropriate conditions and medicines. In addition, numerous mail order and Internet pharmacies in Germany and neighboring countries, such as the Netherlands, Switzerland or the Czech Republic.

To protect the health of the population may have only one pharmacist in a pharmacy (foreign ownership restrictions). However, corporations may not operate pharmacies. In recent years it has often been assumed that the German foreign and multi-ownership ban was illegal under European law. On 19 May 2009, the European Court, however, that the problems associated with the foreign ownership ban restrictions on freedom of establishment were not disproportionate and incompatible with European law would be consistent. This leaves the foreign ownership in Germany is still forbidden. The judge accepted the argument that countries should adopt appropriate rules, if they deem it necessary to protect public health [8].
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RENEWAL OF

Drugs that require counseling and may therefore be sold only in pharmacies are subject to the pharmacies. This will increase the safety of medicinal products are granted. A prescription is not necessary, as long as the drug is available without a prescription.

The simple duty pharmacies is governed by § 43 Medicines Act. Pharmacy-only medicines are drugs in simple terms, which may be sold only by pharmacy staff. It is part of the pharmaceutical consulting staff duty (unless the client expressly disclaims any advice). Relevant questions should be submitted to the levy in order to clarify the need for advice. Internet mail order pharmacies are obliged to carry out this advice in another appropriate form, for example, by e-mail or telephone. This form of consultation may be conducted only by pharmacy staff. Disadvantage of the Consultancy in the mail order pharmacy is that a consultation is usually only after the express request of the customer uses. Often a customer, but at first did not recognize that a need for advice, as when he demands a remedy that does not fit into his complaints. For the same reason, there is a prescription drug for a self-service ban.
Mandatory inventory

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Bautzen on the main market

According to § 5 of the pharmacy operation rules need to be present in the pharmacy literature:

scientific tools needed for the production and testing of drugs and pharmaceutical raw materials according to recognized rules in the context of the pharmacy operation is necessary. The regulation refers to this point, not conclusive, the Pharmacopoeia (in Germany consisting it from the European Pharmacopoeia, the German Pharmacopoeia and the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia), the German Drug Codex and the synonym directory to the Pharmacopoeia, which lists common names for drugs and precursors,
scientific tools needed to inform and advise the customer on medicines needed, particularly information on the composition, indications, contraindications, side effects, interactions with other agents, dosage instructions and the manufacturer of the usual pre-medication and the usual doses of drugs (eg . Red List, Commentary on the Pharmacopoeia)
scientific tools needed to information and advice to the practice of medicine, dentistry or veterinary medicine by persons authorized to require
Texts of the applicable provisions of the pharmacy, drugs, narcotics, drug advertising and chemicals legislation.

It is also covered in the appendix to Apothekenbetriebsordnung which equipment and chemicals must be available [9].

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Pharmacy Branch

Since 1 January 2004, in Germany to operate the pharmacy owner in addition to their main pharmacy for up to three more community pharmacies (called branch pharmacies) (limited multiple ownership, § 1, para 1 and § 2 par 4 and par 5 Pharmacies Act). This is allowed under the following conditions:

Only one pharmacist at a major pharmacy in which he himself is responsible act may have a branch pharmacy.
The branch pharmacies must be in the same or a neighboring county.
Branch pharmacies are in a factual and personal basis as well as equip a full pharmacy.
For the branches means a registered pharmacist must be named as a responsible manager of the pharmacy.
The holder of a permit may not be represented by a pharmacist or pharmacy assistant engineer but only by a pharmacist. Representing the Head of the branch pharmacy pharmacies by pharmacists or pharmacy assistant engineers is permitted, as with any other retail pharmacy, however.

Be differentiated from so-called branch pharmacies are pharmacies collaborations. The partnerships follow essentially the goal of initiating joint advertising campaigns and achieve purchasing benefits. Participating pharmacies remain independent. Statutory provisions on the legal form of the pharmacists and pharmacies are not affected by a freelancer or up to a maximum of four businesses. In addition, there were efforts to extend its competence as a cooperative partnership with the statutory health insurance. Examples of collaborations with some 7,000 members, "MVDA" are (alone with about 3,600 members), "vivesco", "my pharmacy," "parma pharm" and some others. Further concepts in terms of possible franchise concepts are currently being critically scrutinized by experts, since they could provide the pharmacist as health professional with his current contract in question.

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Pharmacy chains

Pharmacy chains in Germany are still prohibited, except for "mini-chains" of up to four pharmacies owned by the same pharmacist (see branch pharmacy). Some pharmacies co-occur, however, in the public as if they were chain pharmacies, such as DocMorris, however, these pharmacies are legally independent individual farms, they use only by paying a license fee, the DocMorris logo. The original idea of ??DocMorris parent company, the pharmaceutical wholesaler Celesio, build in Germany, a pharmacy chain, he had hoped that the German chain ban was toppled by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), a first branch was opened in 2006 in Saarbrücken (which was indeed illegal, but Saarland was approved by the government on the grounds that the ban would be German chain already tipped by the ECJ). On 19 May 2009, however, the ECJ confirmed that the German ban chain is not incompatible with European law, pharmacy chains continue to remain so prohibited

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Mail-order pharmacy

Main article: drug mail order in Germany

From fundamental considerations of the mail order of medicinal products in Germany was expressly forbidden until 2003. The prohibition was included only in the late 1990s in the Pharmacy Act. A constitutional complaint of two German chemist [10] was taken in late 2003 on the occasion, the mail order of medicines to pharmacies in Germany from 1 Release January 2004. At the same time eliminated the price-fixing and non-prescription medicines. Although the European Court ruled briefly laid out that a limitation of the shipping trade of prescription drugs in at least one EU member state was legal, but what the general lifting of the ban on mail order for medicines in Germany are not affected further.

The mail order of medicinal products in Germany is only permitted pharmacies, which must always meet all the requirements in legal terms without a pharmacy mail order. In addition, must be submitted to the competent authority for permission for admission to the shipping trade. This is usually granted if the mail order business can expect in terms of the areas of pharmacy pharmacy no limitation of the operation. The mail order of medicines on the participating pharmacy in Germany is subject to all applicable statutory limitation on social legislation, law and pharmacy drug advertising law. Pharmacies located in other European countries however are not subject to social laws applicable in Germany (SGB V). The observance of legal advertising restrictions can be enforced in other European countries is often not sufficient.

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