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Iron (isen Middle High German;. Comparable Celts with Isara, strong ', Goth eisarn and aiz, Latin aes, ore') [A 1] is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Fe (Latin ferrum, iron ') and atomic number 26 . It is one of the transition metals in the periodic table it is in the 8th Transition group (iron-platinum group), after the new count in the group of 8 or iron group. In the context of industrial and construction, we are cast iron under the iron material, while the steel is not usually referred to as iron.

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The first recorded use of iron is found at about 4000 BC in Sumer and Egypt. It was dignified by iron meteorite, which was used for decoration and for making spear points.

From the period 3000-2000 BC, one finds smelted iron (from iron meteorite distinguishable by the absence of nickel) in Mesopotamia, Anatolia and Egypt. It seems to have been only used ceremonially and was more valuable than gold. Maybe it was in the form of sponge iron as a byproduct of the manufacture bronze.

Between 1600 and 1200 BC iron was increasingly used, and the Hittites knew well a method for economical production of iron. It solved from Bronze but not yet. During this time the iron production remained largely a monopoly of the Hittite empire (on the territory of modern Turkey) and was a factor in its rise. From 1200 BC took place with the fall of the Hittite Empire and the dissemination of relevant knowledge in the Middle East, the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The superiority of iron over bronze armor and weapons equipment is considered as the main reason for this. However, there are suggestions that not only the material superiority of the iron, but also a shortage of tin, which is needed for bronze production, the transition feed provided.

During the first Iron Age was Verhüttungsschritt sponge iron. Through the use of charcoal in the further processing was applied to the iron carbon, with the end result of a (at least superficial) steel. By careful hardening, that is careful and skillful cooling (generally in a liquid such as water or oil), formed parts with a hitherto unheard of elasticity and hardness, which were far superior to the bronze.

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China

In China, first experiences were gained with iron meteorite iron. The first archaeological traces of wrought iron are found in the northwest, near Xinjiang, in the 8th century BC. It is believed that these products were created with the methods of the Middle East, have come to China through trade. 550 BC, the blast furnace was developed: this was the production of cast iron is possible.

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Europe
Iron precipitation (reddish), in addition Schwefelausfällungen (yellow) and lime deposits (whitish) at Krafla volcano, Iceland

In addition to its outstanding importance as a material of iron was used in alchemy, where it was associated with the sign of Mars / > masculinity. Since European processing techniques (bloomery) only at temperatures of around 1,300 ° C reached, the development of cast iron was not until the 15 Century in Sweden (and Lapphyttan Vinarhyttan) instead. With the cast iron cannon ball, the processing spread quickly as the campaigns over Europe.

Cover no more than the dwindling forests of the growing demand for charcoal iron production in the UK could, it was coal (more precisely, the product coal coke) by Abraham Darby developed as an alternative. This change, together with the invention of the steam engine, is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution.

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Iron findings

Iron findings are compared with the finds of bronze relatively rare, one hand was because the iron used in the earliest periods of only a small extent, to corrode the other hand, because of the large inclination of the iron in moist air, in water and in the wet earth, by which the objects could not be obtained. Only special circumstances or large proportions of the object prevented the loss of such pieces.

One of the oldest artifacts comes from the Khufu pyramid, and was found in 1837 by JR Hill at Stone Lossprengen some documents in a Mauerfuge, where it was protected from rust. It is a fragment of a larger cast-iron tool and has an age of about 5,000 years ago. A later find is discovered by Belzoni in a sphinx at Karnak piece that has been identified as part of a crescent, and about 2,800 years old.

In Asia, iron objects found in the tombs of Turan and greater iron storage in the discovered ruins of Khorsabad, where rings, chain parts, along with about 160,000 kg of iron bars were. Layard also met with his excavations at Nimrud on iron weapons, such as helmets, spears and daggers. Is the famous Iron Pillar of Delhi, a seven-meter-high wrought-iron pillars from the 4 / 5 Century.

One of the oldest European pieces include tents and iron spears, the Count has Gozzadini discovered in 1853 in Etruscan tombs at Bologna. They date from the 9th to 10 Century BC.

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Occurrence

Iron is in the range of the relative frequency of element relative to silicon in the universe with 8.3 × 105 atoms per 1 x 106 silicon atoms in 9th Place. The fusion of elements in stars at the ends iron, because of higher elements in the fusion energy is no longer free, but must be spent (see nucleosynthesis). Heavier elements are created in supernova explosions, endothermic, which are also responsible for dispersing the resulting material in the star.

Iron is in the range of frequency element to the mass fraction of second Place throughout the world (28.8%), in 4th Place in the earth's crust (4.70%) and fourth Point in the continental crust (5.63%) in seawater, it is only to 0.002 mg / L included. Iron is probably connected with the main component of nickel Earth's core. Presumably driven by thermal convection currents produce forces in the outer core of molten iron, the magnetic field.

The first occurrence that were mined were exposed stone and bog iron ores. Today is mined primarily 40-percent magnetic iron ore. The most important mineral is hematite to iron production, which consists mainly of Fe2O3. The largest iron ore deposits found in the so-called Banded Iron Formations (BIF, banded iron ore or Bändererz), which are referred to as iron and taconite or Itabirit mainly contained in the minerals hematite and magnetite.

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Iron as a mineral

Iron is rarely found in nature and dignified, usually in the form of small bubbles or thickening in the surrounding rock, but also as a massive mineral aggregates with up to 25 tonnes in weight [7], and is therefore recognized as a mineral. The International Mineralogical Association (IMA) to execute according to the classification of minerals by Strunz (9th edition) under the Control Number. "1.AE.05" (elements - metals and intermetallic compounds - iron-chromium-family) [8] (8th edition I/A.07-10). The room also in the English common classification of minerals according to Dana leads the mineral element in the system no. "1.1.11.0".

Worldwide, iron solid so far (as of 2010) are shown in 120 localities, with the vast majority, however, is made of meteoritic iron finds the variety Kamacit.

Iron crystallizes in a cubic crystal system, has, depending on formation conditions and cleanliness, a Mohs hardness of between 4 and 5 [10] and a steel-gray to black color. Also, the line color is gray.

Due to reaction with water and oxygen (rusting) of iron is not stable dignified. It therefore occurs in an alloy with nickel either as Kamacit (4 to 7.5% Ni) or taenite (20 to 50% Ni) in iron meteorites and in basalts, in which there is sometimes a reduction of iron-bearing minerals. Iron with lower nickel contents are as varieties of the same and are known under the name Joseph init [11], although this term is also synonymous with the mineral Awaruit (Ni3Fe).

Iron ores are found on the other hand quite often, important examples are the minerals magnetite (magnetic iron ore, Fe3O4), hematite (Roteisenstein, Fe2O3), pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites, FeS) and pyrite (iron pyrites, FeS2), siderite (siderite, FeCO3) and as a rock applicable limonite (brown iron ore, Fe2O3 * n H2O). The sedimentary oolitic iron, sometimes referred to as Eisenstein, consists Eisenhydroxidmineralien, cemented with clay or calcareous binders. In total there are currently (2010) 1424 iron minerals known

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States with the largest funding

Worldwide in 2000, about 1000 Mt (1 billion tons) of iron ore were mined, with a value of about € 25 billion. The most important erzliefernden States are Brazil, Australia, the People's Republic of China, Russia and India. Together they provide about 70% of world demand. From the 1000 Mt ore about 572 Mt of iron were recovered. In addition, recovered by melting scrap iron.

The largest by far for pig iron manufacturing country is the People's Republic of China, followed by Japan and the Russian Federation. In Europe the main producers Germany and Ukraine.

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Extraction and representation

Iron ore is extracted in open pit and underground (underground). Where identified as being exploitable ore deposits are openly revealed, the ore can be recovered in less expensive open pit. Today, iron ore is mainly in South America, particularly Brazil, mined in Western Australia, the People's Republic of China, Eastern Europe (eg Ukraine) and Canada in this way.

These countries has been closed in recent years supplanted the original major iron ore producing countries such as France, Sweden and Germany, whose last iron ore mine in the Upper Palatinate 1987th

Only a small portion of the ore can be used directly as a lump in the blast furnace. The major proportion of iron ore will be processed as ore in a sinter plant to sintering, because only in this form as a coarse sintered lumps of use in the blast furnace is possible, since the fine ore the air (wind) would impair or even prevent much. Coarser Erzkörner be sorted by size and sintered. Small Erzkörner have to share with Kalkzuschlagsstoffen under fired by gas, motor-driven traveling grates (grate conveyor belts) is applied and melted by high heat and thereby "caked" (sintered) are. Very fine ore is ground fine powder, which is already often compels the separation of gangue. Then there is limestone with fine-grained coke (coke breeze), and water thoroughly mixed and placed on a motorized traveling grate. Through the grate gases are sucked from below. From above is lit and burning front moves from top to bottom through the mixture to melt it short (sintered) is. A significant proportion of the ore is processed into pellets, however. For this purpose, produced with binders, aggregates and water, a mixture which is then rolled into balls on pelleting plates 10 to 16 mm in diameter. These are burned on a grate with gas fired pellets. Sintering is not easy to transport and is therefore produced in the steel mill, pellet plants are usually operated in the vicinity of the mines.

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Use

Iron is the main constituent of steel. Steels are alloys of iron, which occur when mixing (alloying) other metals and non metals (particularly carbon). Iron is a 95 percent weight of the world's most widely used metals used. The reason lies in its wide availability, which makes it quite inexpensive, and that it excellent strength and toughness when entering into alloys with other metals such as chromium, molybdenum and nickel, reached it for many areas of technology one base material to make. It is used in the manufacture of land vehicles, ships and used throughout the construction (reinforced concrete).

Iron (cobalt and nickel in addition to) one of the three ferromagnetic metals, with their capacity to enable large-scale use of electromagnetism including generators, transformers, chokes, relays and electric motors. It is alloyed with pure or include silicon, aluminum, cobalt or nickel (see Mu-metal) and serves as a soft magnetic core material for the guidance of magnetic fields for shielding magnetic fields or to increase the inductance. It is this massive and in the form of sheet metal and powder (powder cores) produced.

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Pure iron powder is used in chemistry.

Industrial steels are widely different, and in Germany are about 7,500 varieties standardized. Iron is used in the forms listed below:

Pig iron contains four to five percent carbon and different proportions of sulfur, phosphorus and silicon. It is an intermediate in the production of cast iron and steel.
Cast iron contains 2.06 to 6.67% carbon and other alloying elements such as silicon and manganese. Depending on the cooling rate of carbon in cast iron is present as elemental as a carbide or graphite. Following the appearance of the fracture surfaces in the first case we speak of white and in the second case, of gray cast iron. Cast iron is very hard and brittle. It can not ordinarily be plastically deformed.
Steel contains between 0.06% and 2.06% carbon. In contrast to cast iron, it is moldable. By alloying, as well as by a suitable combination of thermal treatment and plastic molding (cold rolling), the mechanical properties of steel can be varied within wide limits.
In carbon steels with a carbon content to 0.8% one can speak of structural steel, at about 0.8% of tool steel.

In medicine, iron-containing preparations are used as antianemics causally in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and additive in the treatment of anemia caused by other causes.

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