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Creationism is a religious doctrine based on the belief that life, Earth, and by extension the universe were created by God in ways consistent with a literal reading of the Bible.

Appeared in opposition to evolutionary theory adopted by the scientific community, the debate between the two positions are often controversial and political issues is important: education, freedom of opinion and beliefs, etc..

In this type of doctrine, the reading of biblical texts is fundamental, especially for movements akin to a current Christian born in the late nineteenth century in North America in Protestant circles. The literal reading is rejected by most Christian churches today, who reject creationism also for these reasons, favoring a hermeneutic, that is to say interpretative. Most monotheistic religious traditions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), postulate all the same, in different ways, the world was created by God.

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Genesis
Main article: Summary of the Book of Genesis.

The Book of Genesis (Greek Γ?νεσις, "Birth", "beginning", "source", "origin", "cause") is the first book, called in Hebrew "Bereshit" (translation by the head of A. Chouraqui), the Torah (Pentateuch), so the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and the Christian Bible. Jewish tradition considers it was written by Moses.

The book of Genesis explains the origin of man and the Jewish people to its arrival in Egypt. It contains the basic assumptions and historical ideas and national and religious institutions of Israel, and serves as a preface to its history, its laws and customs. The original story describes the creation of the world in six days by God.

Current creationism based on a literal reading of the Bible is of recent origin, and the symbolic interpretation is older. Lucien Febvre cites Origen [1]:

"What man of sense who will ever believe that the first, second and third days, evening and the morning could take place without sun, no moon and no stars, and the day, which is named the first , could occur when the sky was not yet? Who would be stupid enough to imagine that God has planted, like a farmer, a garden in Eden, in some countries of the East, and he placed there a tree of life falls under the direction as one who would taste with the teeth of the body would receive life?
What need I say more when everyone, it is meaningless, can easily raise a multitude of similar things that Scripture says, as if they had really happened and who take them literally, little have been real. "

- Origen, quoted by Lucien Febvre, The Problem of Unbelief in the sixteenth century

The symbolic interpretation, common in St. Augustine, was admitted to the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, as well as in Jewish exegesis. The cons-Reformation Council of Trent has led to the development of belief in the literal accuracy of the Bible, claiming that the particular translation given by the Vulgate contained no errors compared to the dogma, which justified the use as reference for the purpose of exegesis and teaching. The great diversity of interpretations of the Bible in the various Protestant movements stem from a foundation of the Lutheran Protestant Reformation: sola scriptura ("write only"), promoting a direct relationship between the Christian and the Bible, open to interpretation of each reader.

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The Origin of Species

In scientific terms, the exploration of the planet led to the discovery of species previously unknown to Westerners, and the variety of life and earth surprises. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientific theories attempt to explain the geology of the earth, especially uniformitarianism, supported notably by Charles Lyell, who described the creation of the relief of the earth through a succession of gradual natural transformations. In biology, the open debate between supporters of the immutability of transformation and Lamarck. Charles Lyell also tries to give the biblical stories with the observation, and explains the diversity of life by the existence of "centers of creation": some parts of the earth will possess very different from other species because they are natives of different creative center from which they have colonized the surrounding areas. During his world tour on the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin interprets his comments following the theories of Charles Lyell.

In 1859, Charles Darwin published the Origin of Species (On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life). The essay introduces a break in the scientific understanding of the origins of life in general and the origins of man as a result, although Darwin avoided talking about the man in the book. The theory already advanced in 1809 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in his Zoological Philosophy, then developed in 1859 by Darwin in The Origin of Species, argues that living things have their biological characteristics evolve over time and the environment in which lives a group of individuals makes a natural selection, by the reproduction and transmission of certain hereditary characteristics, extends the evolution of these biological characteristics to the entire group. According to this theory, there is no creative entity that gives life to a sudden case fully and finally formed.

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The attempt to explain the adaptive mechanisms of transformation and diversification of species in their environment by Charles Darwin's rapid success, continuing scientific debate, initiated long before by Georges Cuvier, the leading representative of immutability, which led to the development of a theory on the evolution of species. Charles Darwin's ideas influenced the subsequent scientific research. The work in paleontology, molecular biology and genetics allowed to support and develop the theory of evolution.

Since the mid-twentieth century, the Darwinian theory has achieved consensus among the scientific community, but the work of Darwin is received differently by different religious currents of whom are Christian or Muslim. The debate between creationism and evolutionism moved quickly in the field of education and in the legislative field. The debate is still current in some countries like the U.S., where the teaching of evolution in public schools in several States were prohibited until 1968 and a Supreme Court decision which ruled that the ban violated the first clause of the 1st Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

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The Catholic Church and the theory of evolution
Main article: Position of the Catholic Church on the theory of evolution.

Initially, the Catholic Church is clearly unfavorable to the transformer. She did not however condemn. Pope Leo XIII in 1893 said in his encyclical Deus Providentissimus, the doctrine of inspiration by the Holy Spirit of the Bible [2]:

"The books of the Old Testament and New Testament with all their parts, as they were recognized by the Council of Trent must be recognized as sacred and canonical, not in the sense that compounds by human genius They then received his approval, nor only that they contain revelation without error, but because they were written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit and thus have God as their author. "

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- Pope Leo XIII, Providentissimus Deus

Under this doctrine, the science can be shown to contradict the scriptures, since they are properly interpreted. This encyclical calls on Catholics to participate in the development of biblical studies.

On October 22, 1996, Pope John Paul II appears before the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and asserts that "new knowledge leads to recognition in the theory of evolution more than a hypothesis" [3]. John Paul II and his successor Benedict XVI does not conflict with the theories of evolution, which are the responsibility of the scientific world, but they deny any materialist doctrine that would lead to the Man "the accidental product and meaningless of evolution. " It is not for them to discuss the mechanisms of the appearance of man, but to oppose what these mechanisms define how the man is considered.
Creationism in a Protestant environment

Sébastien Fath, a sociologist, in his study of creationism in Protestant circles in the United States stresses that it is impossible to identify a trend and a sole motivation but yet defines four major directions:

* The literal creationism, from a literal reading of the Bible, he believes adopted by 15 million people.
* Creationism concordist, seeking an agreement between the text and scientific research, he estimated 20 - 25 million followers.
* The final creation, which adopts a scientific approach without reservation, but discusses the purpose (see intelligent design), a trend that is most widespread in the United States and most established in Europe as well.
* The theistic creationism, in which God is recognized as the Creator of Creation but would proceed freely then, also with about 20 million followers .

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Mormonism and evolution theory

Although the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has no position on the theory of evolution, she delivered a number of dogmas about the origin of man. These statements generally take the position endorsed by the Encyclopedia of Mormonism, .

The first official declaration of 1909 on the issue of evolution has marked the centenary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the 50th anniversary of his work on the origin of species. In this year the First Presidency led by Joseph F. Smith issued a statement on the predominant religious view of creationism, calling the theory of evolution as a "theory of man" wrong or bad. "It is held by some that Adam was not the first man on earth and the origin of man is a descendant of the creative development of the animal. But it is the theories of man "[7]. In his Christmas message in 1910, the First Presidency made reference to the Church's position vis-à-vis science:

"Diversity of opinion does not require the intolerance of the mind and must not embitter or draw rational beings against each other ... Our religion is not hostile to real science. This is demonstrated, we accept it with joy, but we do not accept the vain philosophy, human theory or mere human speculation, and we adopt anything contrary to divine revelation or to common sense. .

In 1925, a new presidency issued a formal declaration that reaffirmed the doctrine that Adam was the first man on earth and was created in the image of God [9]. The LDS Church has not issued a formal statement on the theory of evolution since 1925

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