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Thoroughbred is the most famous horse breeds in warm-blooded, but also one of the most widespread, since it is one that runs on tracks racecourses during horse racing. Although the name of pure blood could theoretically refer to any breed animal, it means in reality only those horses, the name of English thoroughbred is a tautology in the eyes of purists. The official abbreviation is PS.

The Pur Sang is famous for its agility and speed, it is the result of selective breeding began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in England, when native mares were bred with stallions foreigners, mostly Arabs. The pedigree of each current Thoroughbreds can be traced to the founding stallions and 74 English mares, breeds mostly Arab and beards. The Thoroughbreds were quickly exported worldwide, mainly in North America in 1730, Australia, France, Italy, Japan and South America during the eighteenth century. Millions of Thoroughbreds are bred in the world today and each year sees the recording of approximately 118 000 new births, the racing industry is highly developed in many countries.

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The Thoroughbred race horses are for riding sports, but they can also compete in many sports like equestrian show jumping, eventing, riding, dressage or polo, be mounted hunting with hounds or become frames of instruction in riding clubs. They are often crossed with other breeds of horses to create new or improve other, and thus participate in the formation of the Anglo-Arab and French saddle, but many horse blood by world.

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The training and selection of Thoroughbreds is a source of accidents and health problems in this breed. The accident rate in horse racing is the highest among legal sports involving animals. Thus, the Thoroughbreds have frequent bleeding of the lungs, an abnormally low fertility and a heart and feet too small relative to their mass. Several theories explain the reasons for accidents and health problems, the research attempts to reduce rates and improve care for injured animals or sick.

The Thoroughbred racing world and are regularly works of art or film, in addition to organizing races, almost every day, put them in the spotlight.

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Etymology and terminology

Thoroughbred, long known as "English", "English horse" and "Thoroughbred" in francophone countries is a distinct breed of horse, although the term of pure blood can theoretically be applied to any purebred, that is to say, "pure blood". The French word Pur Sang (official name of the breed by the French national stud [) is the exact translation of the English Thoroughbred, the official term for animals that have undergone no crossing from the foundations of the race being " pure race "or" purebred ", that is to say purebred English. Breeders of other breeds of purebred generally use the term purebred, thoroughbred's name is never used for other races or other species [4] [5]. According to English, first breeders of the breed, Thoroughbred (Thoroughbred) is a proper name that refers specifically to that horse [6], and this in all countries that engage in farming, even outside England, the birthplace of the breed. The U.S. and Australian Studbook also use the name of Thoroughbred [7], [5] that the exact translation in French Thoroughbred, the register of livestock or French studbook contains the name of the Thoroughbred studbook. The use of this term was probably widespread with the opening of the Thoroughbred studbook English (General Stud Book, abbreviated as SAMs) as the Thoroughbred. It was then one of the earliest breeding records officially created. Therefore, the modern Thoroughbred breeders consider the use of terms of thoroughbred and thoroughbred incorrect for any other animals of pure blood outside of the thoroughbred bloodstock [].

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Breed History

The creation of the Thoroughbred breed is a pure example of application of selective breeding. It is, in effect, a race entirely artificially created by man by crossing horses of all breeds most swift, with the sole aim of winning races gallop. The other feature of True Blood is the lack of crosses foreigners since the founding of the breed.
Birth of the Thoroughbred in England

The origin of the Thoroughbred would seek from the tenth century when the Normans who followed William the Conqueror brought their cavalry consists of Andalusian horses. After the crusades in the twelfth century, the English imported it Arabian horses. Around 1580, during the reign of Elizabeth I, the English horses were from lines Andalusian, Arab and beards [.

First Race

Horseracing plate existed in England since at least the year 1174, year in which a flat race of four miles was held in Smithfield, London. These races were held sporadically in the fairs and markets throughout the Middle Ages, especially during the reign of James I of England. Disability sport then saw the day, it is a system of adding weight to try to balance the odds of each horse based on its past performance. The first selections for breeding and also saw the first training day. During the reign of Charles II, Queen Anne of Great Britain, King William III and King George I, laid the foundations for the breeding of Thoroughbreds. The racing and breeding racehorses obtained the royal support. With this support, the horse racing quickly became popular with all classes of the population. In 1727, a journal devoted to the races, the Racing Calendar, was founded. Devoted exclusively to the sport, it contained the results of past races and the dates of upcoming races.

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Other stallions from Oriental races are mentioned but their progeny are less numerous and they are much less influential. They nevertheless contributed to the formation of the breed, they are: Alcock Arabian, D'Arcy's White Turk, that would have passed some Thoroughbred her gray dress [T 1], Leeds Arabian, and Curwen's Bay Barb [11], [ 12]. Crossing Arabian horses with mares native of England marks the creation of the General Stud Book (GSB) in 1791 and the early records of horses from these lines .

Each of these three standards was the founding ancestor, grandfather or great-grandfather, a racehorse which had a huge influence on all three lines considered as the founding of the modern Thoroughbred. The four major standards of the eighteenth century Matchem, a descendant of Godolphin Arabian [13], Herod (or King Herod), great-great grand son of Byerley Turk, Highflyer, a son of Herod [T 2] and Eclipse famous great-great grand son of Darley Arabian, who was the greatest racehorse of his day and remained undefeated throughout his career

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A recent genetic study shows that 95% of all Thoroughbred males are direct descendants (via their Y chromosome) to Darley Arabian [14]. However, the pedigree of Thoroughbred Modern shows that most horses have had more crosses the line of Godolphin Arabian (13.8%) than that of Darley Arabian (6.5%) if one takes into account all lines of maternal and paternal lineage. Curiously, as a percentage of influence in the lineages of modern Thoroughbred, Curwen's Bay Barb (4.2%) appears more often than Byerley Turk (3.3%). The majority of Thoroughbreds that exist today is directly descended from only 27 or 28 standards of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries [14], [15].

Founding mares

English local mares used in crossbreeding with the founding stallions were of different races. Some came from a famous Irish race in the North since the thirteenth century, the Irish Hobby [16]. Other mares were from eastern farms, including beards, Turkoman, and other races [17]. The researcher Bruce Lowe identified in the nineteenth century certain "families" of mares in the breed of Thoroughbred mares and the number of founders was later set at 74 [18]. However, recent studies using DNA from Thoroughbred mares indicate that some of these 74 mares themselves seem to have a common ancestor or that the register of the English Thoroughbred has errors [18]. These mares are selected designated by the name of the royal ponds

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