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In Tunis under tight police plan

Our special correspondent has managed to rally the Tunisian capital, where security forces in civilian clothes or in uniform are ubiquitous. The protests did not falter despite the death and repression. Tunis, special envoy.

Independence Square, in the Tunisian capital, life seems normal. Beneath the giant portraits of "their" president, placed at each end of the square, Tunisians go about their business. Some are en route to their work, others to the central market nearby. Under the arcades of the Avenue de France, takes his coffee on the terrace, under a winter sun. Apparently a morning like any other in the heart of Tunis. The image of a smooth Tunisia Ben Ali is bent on trying to sell and is now cracking. For this tranquility is illusory.

The authorities are on the teeth. Even in a country that was already known to hold a record in terms of officers per capita, the deployment of forces is very impressive. In Tunis, dozens of uniformed police and plainclothes monitor each place, each artery. On Monday, opponents have tried to protest in the city center. For the regime, he must at all costs avoid the movement to gather momentum in the capital. Meet opponents - journalists, lawyers and politicians - has become nearly impossible, while the arrests are continuing. On Avenue of the United States, west of downtown, the headquarters of the union of journalists was surrounded by police for 10 hours of the morning. "We're a hundred inside, the insults fly from outside and for some hours, they prevent anyone from entering the building," said by telephone, to Humanity, one of the journalists, before that the communication is cut off.

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Nearly a month after the suicide of a young salesman in a hurry, the protest continues to spread in the country. After the region of Sidi Bouzid, the cities of Thala, Kasserine and Regueb, west, whose access is blocked, ignited during the weekend. Earlier this week, the protests have gained in coastal areas, tourism, as in Sousse. "We have not seen such a movement since the great strikes of 1978 and the bread riots of 1983," says a lawyer, member of the opposition party Ettajdid (Communist). In front, the plan emphasizes law enforcement. According to the opponent, just for the day Monday, there were 12 deaths. The total balance would amount to tens of victims, and the wall of silence that hangs over the Tunisian society is total.

In a new televised address, President Ben Ali denouncing "extremists and terrorists" (sic) who attack the country's interests, while explaining that he understood the problems of employment. "Listening to the people of Tunisia, Ben Ali announced major steps" could be read at the time, misnamed "independent daily", while the Press headline alongside a photo of the president (as of usual): "300,000 new jobs in 2 years."

It will take more than presidential rhetoric to appease the anger of the Tunisians, young in mind, given the lack of freedom, unemployment, widespread corruption, and now the death of dozens of them.

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History

Gold Earth comes from the stellar nucleosynthesis achieved by successive generations of stars from a dozen billion years. Its nature is clearly siderophile geochemical, as are the platinum group metals, it is concentrated in the Earth's core and remains very rare in the crust, where it accumulates where circulation of hot fluids from the manteau14 .
Old World
Gold death mask of Tutankhamun, in the fourteenth century BC. AD.
Lydian electrum coin dating from the late seventh century BC. AD.

Man uses gold from the Chalcolithic to the Late Prehistoric. This is the second metal known to man after copper. The oldest gold objects were excavated in the necropolis of Varna (Bulgaria today). It is dated mid-fifth millennium BC. J.-C.15.

The gold was used primarily for adornment of the powerful and religious ceremonies. The assimilation of gold deified solar disc was one of the most powerful levers. Found gold amulets in Egyptian tombs to each of the major eras of ancient Egypt. The most powerful such Tutankhamun and Rameses, were buried with death masks in gold and other ornaments.

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The quantities available were very low. In Egypt, gold was mined in desert areas without water and at the sacrifice of many workers (there were no slaves in ancient Egypt). The major powers made sure of gold through tribute or military victory. The victory over the Hyksos and secured large quantities of gold to Pharaoh. Found throughout the history of victories "haloed": that of Trajan, conqueror of the Dacians, in the early second century in Rome reported a huge booty: 180 tons of gold and 350 tons of money (known since the "Gold of the Dacians") to that of Bismarck, who established the monetary system of Germany on the ransom of 967 tonnes of gold (five billion gold francs, or 1,600 tons) paid by France after the defeat of 1871.

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In ancient times, in the second half of the seventh century BC. BC, the Lydian kings struck the first coin of histoire16. There were pieces of electrum, a natural alloy of gold and silver, these coins contain between 50 and 60% gold. Gold left the temple and the palace to serve for citizens. This practice then spread to Persia, central Greece, and throughout the ancient world during the Hellenistic side of silver coins, bronze and copper of less value. Gold was continuously used as currency in the West until 1973, when he was stripped of its last monetary role as international reserve currency.

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The religious use of gold still persisted for centuries. The halo of the saints for etymology aureola, gold in latin. The Germans buried their heads with a gold coin in the mouth like the Greeks. Gold jewelry were mainly in the upper classes of society on weapons, brooches, buckles, rings and seals. Tableware gold was both a ceremonial and a reserve currency.

Sassanid Arab conquests and complicated access to gold in the West. The diffusion of gold in the Western world experienced a revival first in the Mediterranean in the eleventh century and the thirteenth century at the initiative of Venice, which melted his fortune on the tradeoff between the high demand for money from the East and strong demand for gold from the West.

Taxes compensation in Germanic codes were called wergeld, the "price of man." The Vikings subdued States attacked Danegeld tribute called "the gold of the Danes."

In the Middle Ages, alchemists tried to make gold from other substances such as lead. They believed this result using the legendary Philosopher's Stone. In alchemy, the symbol of gold is a point surrounded by a circle.
Forty Niner during the gold rush in California.

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New World

Panning for gold is one of the reasons for the conquest of the Americas. Thus, Hernan Cortes began the conquest of the Aztec Empire, located in Mexico in particular to capture the gold owned by the Aztec emperor. Hernán Cortés sent a large quantity of this precious metal to Charles V, king of Spain, part of which form of jewelry, but most were melted down to finance wars waged by Spain. The Spanish king levied the quinto real (ie, one fifth of the gold mined). The gold flowing from the mines of the New World led to the wealth of Spain and Portugal in the early modern period, before enjoying the other European states who knew better capture, such as France and Great Britain. At the same time spreads the legend of El Dorado.

In the mid-nineteenth century, a gold rush broke out in California and contributed in part to the conquest of the American West and the demographic and economic growth of many California cities, including San Francisco17. The mining towns built in places too remote were abandoned when the vein at the origin of their wealth came to dry up. These cities are now so-called ghost towns, empty of people but whose walls hold sometimes still standing, preserved by the arid climate. The United States remains the second largest gold producer in the world in 200,418.

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Today

The first artificial nucleosynthesis of gold dates from 1941. It was to bombard the mercury with neutrons. But isotopes of gold were all obtained radioactifs19. The production cost is much higher than the price of gold, this method has not been followed.
Gold bullion Krugerrands

Gold has served as sole monetary standard (gold standard), first in the UK and around the world after the abandonment of gold-silver bimetallism in the 1870s. The war of 1914 put an end to this system which could never be replaced. With Bretton Woods in 1944, is a gold exchange standard (Gold Exchange Standard) is established. The dollar is set at a certain weight of gold and other currencies in dollars. In 1971, the U.S. suspended the convertibility of the dollar and gold in 1976, Jamaica agreements between countries of the IMF gold démonétisent which therefore has no formal monetary role.

Gold is still remained as a precaution in the reserves by major central banks. The largest world reserve currency is gold in the U.S., it is the Reserve Bank of New York (Federal Reserve Bank of New York), though less famous than Fort Knox, Kentucky. In 1995, gold reserves in banks around the world totaled about 910 million ounces representing a cube about 12 meters to edge.

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Gold retains a significant economic role. He is listed in major Western stock markets, New York, London, Tokyo. Transactions taking place on this value, especially in times of crisis, are considered an important economic barometer.

Gold retains also its artistic features in the medals, jewelry, gilding, while developing a technical role in many productions, including electronic products. Its symbolic power remains strong: the modern sports use gold as the ultimate prize during the various competitions (gold medals at the Olympics, gold in soccer balls, etc..).

Hoarding gold resists demonetization, and represents a precautionary savings.

On October 2, 2010, gold reached a level of 1 318 USD, a record due to the uncertainty of the global economy, gold for safe haven against the deficiencies of the scholarship.

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