Constantinos Nikolaos Alexander-Goulandris ?

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Present on its territory, Greece has a rich history, from ancient Greece to modern Greece through the empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Ottoman domination, the war of independence, the United Greece, civil war and the dictatorship of the colonels.

Since the nineteenth century, two schools of thought in the writing of the history of Greece: the continuity of Hellenism from antiquity to the present day and that of a rupture between classical Greece and contemporary Greece at the time of the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman rule.

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Some are now known Palaeolithic sites in Greece. Traces of the oldest human presence have been discovered in a cave Petralona (Πετρ?λωνα) in Halkidiki. The analysis of the skull was discovered that there has to consider a wide dating from 700,000 years before present (for a homo erectus petralonensis) to 300,000 years before present (for a homo sapiens homo petralonensis close rhodesiensis). However, the hypothesis of a dating 100 000 years before this would not be exclure17. Traces dating from the XL millennium BC. AD were found in three caves in the valley Louros which were occupied during the moustérien18.

Cave Fránchthi in Argolis was occupied without interruption at least the twentieth in the third millennium BC. AD when the entrance was blocked by a landslide. It monitors the passage of a "society" of nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary agriculture is practiced (remains of animals and domesticated cereals) 19. This transition appears to have made to the seventh millennium BC. AD for all of modern Greece: Epirus, Macedonia, Aegean and Crete. Everywhere, elements with similar characteristics (black-figure pottery on a red background and rounded architectural forms) were found. The use of metals was developed from the third millennium BC. BC causing the entrance to the region in the early history.

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The Cycladic civilization encompassed the Cyclades in a cultural unity in the third millennium BC. BC during the Bronze Age. It is famous for its marble idols, to Portugal and found at the mouth of Danube21. His influence in the Greek area extended from Crete to the Attique22. Its organization into small political units without central state, was the germ of that of Greece suivants23 centuries.

The Cycladic civilization is a bit earlier than the Minoan civilization of Crete which developed XXVIII of the thirteenth century BC. AD, with a peak in the first half of the second millennium BC. BC Named after the name of the legendary King Minos, it was revealed by the English archaeologist Arthur John Evans in the early twentieth century. It is famous for its palaces like Knossos, Phaistos and Malia. They are located in the most fertile plains of the island, allowing their owners wealth accumulation, particularly in agriculture, as evidenced by the large stores agricoles24. Built of baked bricks (innovation), they were not fortified because the maritime power of that civilization seems to have put away most of the external dangers. Its market exchanges included Sicily, Cyprus, Egypt, Asia Minor and mainland Greece. First organized in clans, the company evolved with the development of a merchant class. However, it remains very hierarchical and focused on the palace overlooking the towns near urban areas. The architecture and decoration of the palace, and the quality of the ceramics are considered as unprecedented artistic. Most of the hypotheses linking the decline of the Minoan civilization and its replacement by the Mycenaean civilization to the explosion of Santorin25.
Gold mask called "Mask of Agamemnon" (sixteenth century BC., Mycenae, circle A graves).

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The Mycenaean civilization extends from approximately 1550 to 1100 BC. AD (Helladic recent end of the Bronze Age). Its height is approximately between 1400 and 1200 BC. J.-C.26. The term "Mycenaean" was chosen by the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann to describe this civilization in the second half of the nineteenth siècle27. The name is taken from that of the Peloponnesian city of Mycenae, both because it is the first site excavated to reveal the importance of this civilization, and because of the importance the city in memory of ancient Greek authors, first Homer, who was the king of Mycenae, the leader of the "Achaeans." Subsequently, Mycenae was found to be only a center of this civilization among others, but the term "Mycenaean" is still used by convention26. It spread gradually from the south of mainland Greece on the Aegean world as a whole, which experienced for the first time a certain cultural unity. This civilization is characterized by including palaces, fortresses, its different types of painted pottery found around the Aegean Sea, and his writing, Linear B, the oldest known writing transcribing Greek. Since decryption in 1952, the Mycenaean civilization is the only pre-Hellenic Aegean civilization known from both literary sources, archaeological evidence and epigraphic documents.

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