Alice Anne Walton ?

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Walmart (officially Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.) Is an American multinational company specializing in retail, founded by Sam Walton and now headed by his eldest son, S. Robson Walton.

Founded in 1962 under that name, it has quickly grown in Arkansas, then led all the United States to begin to go international in 1991. In Europe, stores are present in Britain under the name Asda. Walmart is now attacking the Asian market. Located in China since 1996, the group employed about thirty thousand workers in this country in 20064. It is also present in Japan under the name Seiyu. In 2005, 20 million customers frequented the Walmart on average each Day4.

In 2009, with sales amounting to 404.16 billion U.S. dollars and 14.335 billion dollars bénéfices5, Walmart has taken the place of a second company worldwide in terms of sales. With 1.9 million employees working in over 6100 supermarkets and hypermarkets (but also in subsidiaries), the group can claim the title of largest company in the world. It is the largest private employer in the United States with 1.2 million employees, called "associates", but also that of Mexico under the name Walmex.

Walmart is the largest general retailer in the United States with 3500 stores and 20% estimated market share and the largest distributor of toys with a 45% estimated market share, which surpassed Toys "R" Us in the late 1990s.

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The story of Walmart can go back to the 1940s when Sam Walton began his career in retail. He was offered just before graduating from the University of Missouri at Columbia, two positions in the retail sector, Sears and J. C. Penney. He accepted the job offer of the second and began working in a store J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa, June 3, 1940, at a salary of 75 USD per month. During this work he was able to meet James Cash Penney, founder of this chain of stores, during a visit. He remained at J. C. Penney for eight months.

In September 1945, Sam Walton to George Scharlott bought the franchise and the lease of a Ben Franklin in Newport, Arkansas. This store was part of a chain run by the Butler Brothers, a regional retailer. After three years in the business, Walton grew annual sales of USD 80 000 to 225 000 USD in 1948. Despite this, the officer, PK Holmes, decided not to renew the lease and Walton was forced to move before the end of 1950. Walton wanted to buy a five-and-dime Jim Dodson in Siloam Springs, Arkansas, but the two disagreed on the purchase price (a difference of 5 000 USD). On May 9, 1950, Walton purchased a store of Luther E. Harrison in Bentonville, Arkansas, and opened Walton's 5 & 10. Later, the Ozark Mountain village of 2900 inhabitants with its head office would become the future Walmart.

Walton was always looking for the best possible agreements with suppliers and he realized he could increase sales by giving customers discounts it obtained. In 1962, he had nine Walton's Stores. Inspired by the success of retail chains, Walton opened the first store of its distribution chain in Rogers, Arkansas, that year. Responsible for procurement and maintenance of signage, the assistant Sam, Bob Bogle suggested the name "Wal-Mart" for the new channel. In 1967, the company grows and eventually owning 24 stores scattered in Arkansas, and reached U.S. $ 12.6 million in sales.

In 1968, the company opened its first store outside of Arkansas, in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma. Sat preferred to settle in small villages rather than in large cities, and had 78 stores in 1974. An inter-department store was created to improve communication and controls, and three years later, sales more than tripled, rising from 167.5 to 479 million U.S. dollars and the number of stores increased to 163 . The chain continued to grow in the following decades.

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The company was founded October 31, 1969 under the name Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.. and in 1970 it opened its headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, and its first distribution center. The company then had 38 stores scattered in Arkansas and employed 1,500 people to 44.2 million dollars in sales. The company went public in 1972 and appeared the same year the New York Stock Exchange. At this point, Wal-Mart was operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma and arrived in Tennessee in 1973, Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. When the company opened in Texas in 1975, it had 125 stores and 7,500 employees, a turnover of 340.3 million dollars.

Wal-Mart continued to grow rapidly during the 1980s, and during his twenty-fifth anniversary in 1987, the company had 1,198 stores and sales reaching $ 15.9 billion for 200,000 employees. This year was also marked by the launch of satellites intended for internal use (investment amounted to $ 24 million at the time), connecting all points of sale of the company headquarters in Bentonville. At the time, it was the largest private satellite network, and it allowed the company to transmit the inventory, sales, and to communicate instantly with the various stores. The following year, Sam Walton left his spot as CEO David Glass. However, Walton remained in the company under the title "Chairman of the Corporate Board of Directors", and also restructuring the company managers "seniors", and gave promotions to managers to acquire greater responsibility .

Also in 1988 the first Wal-Mart Supercenter opened in Washington, Missouri. Wal-Mart expanded its superstore concept in 1990 and, shortly thereafter, the company surpassed Toys "R" Us for the sale of toys.

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The 1990s were a period of unprecedented growth and innovation in various business management. In 1990, company revenues have quadrupled to 32 billion more than in previous years and Wal-Mart bought The McLane Company, then sold to Berkshire Hathaway in 2003. In 1991, the company moved to Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York. That same year, Wal-Mart launched into the international by opening its first store in Mexico City. The company also bought Western Merchandisers, Inc.. Amarillo, Texas. In 1991 the brand was also launched "Sam's American Choice". Sam Walton retired 5 April 1992 and his eldest son, S. Robson Walton, succeeded him as Chairman of the Board April 7, 1992. This year, Wal-Mart was present in 45 U.S. states plus Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Puerto Rico.

In 1993, the international division of Wal-Mart promoted President Bobby Martin. The company completed its expansion in the U.S. with the coming into Alaska, Hawaii, Rhode Island and Washington. In December 1993, Wal-Mart for the first time reached the $ 1 billion in sales in one week.

Wal-Mart bought 91 PACE Membership Warehouse and Kmart 122 Woolco stores in Canada in 1994. That same year, Wal-Mart opened three clubs in Hong Kong, reaching a total of 123 stores in Canada and 96 in Mexico. Later that year, the program called "Code Adam" was launched for missing children. The project was called so because of the story of Adam Walsh, a 6 year old disappeared from a store in Florida and found dead in 1981. All other retail chains have adopted similar programs since.

In 1995, Wal-Mart had 1,995 Discount Stores, 239 Supercenters, 433 Sam's Club International Stores and 276, totaling sales of $ 93.6 billion and employing 675,000 people. Wal-Mart entered the fiftieth American state, Vermont, and continued its international expansion with the market of South America: three units in Argentina and five in Brazil. The company launched on the Chinese market in 1996 as a joint venture.

In 1997, Wal-Mart replaced Woolworth's on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The company exceeded for the first time the symbolic $ 100 billion of sales in the year with 118.1 billion. That same year, Wal-Mart bought 21 Wertkauf stores in Germany and launched his OneSource nutrition centers.

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In 1998, Wal-Mart created a new concept with three stores in Arkansas: the Neighborhood Market ("shops" or "convenience" in Quebec). They are used primarily to buy food and are designed with a view to attract the consumer through a parking easy and saves time on queuing.

Wal-Mart also launched the Wal-Mart Television Network, an extensive network of advertising inside the stores, enabling customers to be aware of current promotions, concerts ahead of trailers for DVD releases .

In February 2005, a study estimated that this network was watched by 130 million people per month, with an average of 7 minutes viewing each time a person comes into a Wal-Mart.

Wal-Mart is also positioned in South Korea in 1998 by a joint venture agreement. The company left the Korean market in July 2006 after losing millions of dollars in the fierce competition that pitted the major distributors.

In 1999, Wal-Mart employed 1.14 million members, making the company the largest private employer in the world. Taking advantage of fabulous results every time, the company bought the same year ASDA Group plc, a distributor manager 229 stores in the UK for $ 10 billion.

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In 2000, when H. Lee Scott was named President and CEO of the company, sales increased further to total $ 165 billion. In 2002 Wal-Mart made its entry into the Fortune 500 list which lists the world's largest companies with a turnover of 219.8 billion dollars to 6.7 billion profit. Then the company was ranked first every year from 2002 (except 2006).

In 2004 the group acquired the Amigo supermarket chain in Puerto Rico for $ 17 billion.

Employees of a Wal-Mart in Jonquière, Quebec, join unions and become the first unionized Wal-Mart employees in North America. Five months later, Walmart announced the closure of this store, order of the Board of Directors.

In 2005, the company created two new experimental stores, one in McKinney, Texas and one in Aurora, Colorado, with wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, etc.. Walmart Walmart facts6 site opens in a movement of public relations to respond to criticism. The group particularly was sentenced by the courts in Germany to have forbidden its employees to flirt and the establishment of a telephone service to denounce each other.

June 26, 2006, Walmart announced that the company withdraws completely from the German market. The large market share of hard discounters in Germany (around 30%) did not allow Walmart to develop as it did in the United States. The existing 85 stores are sold to the German supermarket chain Metro AG.

September 12, 2007, after 19 years without change, Walmart launches new slogan, "Save more. Live Better. "7, replacing the old" low prices every day "8. The company commissioned Global Insight to obtain statistics on the new campaign. According to the report, the competition created by Walmart would allow American families to save $ 287 billion or U.S. $ 2 500 U.S. foyer9, up 7.3% from 200,410.

In January 2008, Wal-Mart opens its second generation of stores "green" in Illinois11.

In March 2008, Wal-Mart continues its acquisition of Japanese distributor Seiyu, despite the fact that the American giant of the distribution of profits ever recorded in Japan. Walmart now has more than 3,000 stores outside the United States12.

June 30, 2008, Walmart unveils a new logo for the company, with the notable absence of the star between "Wal" and "Mart", and followed by a stylized design. The old logo was used 18.

In November 2010, Wal-Mart Stores launches a tender offer for 51% of South African retailer Massmart, at a cost estimated at 1.61 billion euros to gain a foothold on the African continent

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